丑角、看客与孤独者的悲喜剧 ——鲁迅与穆时英笔下的丑角形象之比较

鲁迅与穆时英笔下都塑造过一系列具有丑角特质的形象。不同的是,穆时英笔下的丑角具有自觉性,以小丑身份为面具,掩盖自己的孤独与恐惧；鲁迅笔下的丑角多是非自觉的,他们认真地践行着自己的人生理念,却因其与周遭环境格格不入,被人当作小丑、疯子。从中折射出两位作家迥异的生命观,穆时英从个体角度出发,写出了都市人在悲哀的脸上戴了快乐面具的无奈,对丑角表演持拥抱态度；鲁迅则从批判国民性的宏观角度出发,敏锐地意识到了丑角表演背后的隐忧,对其持拒斥的姿态。     

符号学视野下体育与少数民族的国家认同构建

体育与少数民族国家认同问题是一个重要的研究课题，学界目前主要就体育现象本身进行对比或论证少数民族国家认同，而缺乏符号学这一简约方法的深层次解读。国家认同是各种象征符号的集合。体育是一种天然的符号，具有丰富的文化象征含义。因而从符号学视野探究体育与少数民族国家认同具有重要的理论与现实意义。少数民族的国家认同核心是政治认同与文化认同，体育的物源符号化、自然寓意、伴随文本意义、元语言解读、共同记忆塑造功能，有力促进现代国家少数民族国家认同。认清体育符号的标出性历史反转趋势，采取适当宽幅的文化选择，加强体育元语言的解读，充分利用体育符号媒介作用，增强少数民族文化自觉与自信、强化中华“多元一体”认识，厘清国家政治边界，从而有力促进少数民族国家认同的构建。     

中国劳动力市场中的性别收入差异:一个社会资本的解释

在当前中国劳动力市场中,有关性别工资收入差异的诸多传统理论解释均遇到了一定程度的挑战。基于社会资本的理论视角,文章运用2009年中国八大城市社会网络与职业经历调查数据(JSnet2009),对性别收入差异议题进行再检验。在阐释了社会资本影响性别收入差异的机制后,文章进一步分解了社会资本对性别收入差异的贡献额。Oaxaca-Blinder分解显示,女性的社会资本欠缺,可解释性别收入差异的12.7%,占总解释量的70%以上;分位数回归分解进一步显示,在中高收入群体中,社会资本的性别差异更大,对性别收入差距的贡献更高,并且女性劳动者的社会资本回报率也显著低于男性;另外,女性在社会资本上欠缺还是导致职业性别隔离现象的重要原因。     

五河民歌的传承机制研究

民歌作为劳动人民最直接、最本真的情感表达和文化传承方式之一，其内在的传承机制是它能穿越历史传承至今的重要因素。通过对当下仍然存活在五河区域的五河民歌的实地考察，及对具有代表性的五河民歌的本体分析，试图找到五河民歌在传承和发展过程中所体现出的内在轨迹。     

The intergenerational education spillovers of pension reform in China

Economic theory establishes that pension privatization weakens the link between old and young and so reduces the incentive to invest in public education in an economy with lower return rate of capital than growth rate of wage. However, empirical studies of the link change are few. In this paper, we investigate the effects of pension privatization and the central government’s subsidy to individual accounts on public education spending in a three-period overlapping generation model. And then, we take contemporary pension reforms in a number of Chinese provinces as offering natural experiment conditions. Using a difference-in-difference framework and 282 municipal districts panel data over years 1998–2009, we test the pension-education theoretical link change. Both our theoretical and empirical results confirm that pension privatization is adversely associated with local public spending on education in China. Private pension subsidies, moreover, magnify this effect. Our study supports the theoretical assertion and selective empirical findings of a negative intergenerational effect of pension privatization.     

Benevolence-dominant,authoritarianism-dominant,and classical paternalistic leadership: Testing their relationships with subordinate performance

We propose a new typology of paternalistic leadership styles based on how leaders demonstrate authoritarianism and benevolence, the two essential components of this type of leadership. Benevolence-dominant paternalistic leadership refers to leaders' sole dependence on the use of benevolence without their strong assertion of authority, whereas authoritarianism-dominant paternalistic leadership is based mainly on authoritarianism itself; classical paternalistic leadership, which best fits early observations of paternalistic leaders, refers to the salient combination of both leadership components. We used two distinct samples and methods to test this typology and the association with subordinate performance. Across the two studies, a field investigation with Taiwanese military supervisor-subordinate dyads and a hypothetical scenario experiment with U.S. working adults, we found a positive relationship between classical paternalistic leadership and subordinate performance as strong as that between benevolence-dominant paternalistic leadership and performance. Our findings echo the phenomenon that paternalistic leaders tend to combine benevolence with authoritarianism to affect subordinate performance.     

The heterogeneous impact of pension income on elderly living arrangements: evidence from China’s new rural pension scheme

This paper investigates the impact of pension income on living arrangements of the elderly. Taking advantage of a unique opportunity due to the recent establishment and expansion of the New Rural Pension Scheme in China, we explicitly address the endogeneity of pension status and pension income through a fixed-effect model with instrumental variable approach by exploiting exogenous time variation in the program implementation at county level. We find an overall positive effect of pension income on independent living as well as considerable heterogeneity. The positive income effects of the NRPS are concentrated among the elderly with adult children living nearby, of higher socio-economic status, and with better health at baseline; for other groups, the effects are insignificant. We also find that more generous programs exhibit larger effects. Our results highlight that living arrangement is multidimensional in rural China.     

梯度理论在政府创新扩散中的应用研究——以行政服务中心及其标准化为例

根据梯度理论的观点,创新只能在高梯度地区产生、向低梯度渐次转移。因而,创新将固化并扩大区域之间的差距。观察行政服务中心扩散的全过程,各城市采纳时间的先后,体现出城市之间"创新性"的梯度差别;与此同时,作为对照组的行政服务中心标准化扩散,却与原梯度划分截然不同。在对理论预设、案例选择重新检视之后发现:两案例之间紧密关联,标准化是行政服务中心发展的必然结果,是创新扩散的高级阶段,是跳跃模式下的区域趋同。如果说创新是造成梯度势能差的"趋异因素",那么创新扩散将一定程度地弱化区域间的梯度差异。     

论路易斯·卡罗尔《爱丽丝仙境漫游》中的戏仿

路易斯·卡罗尔著名小说《爱丽丝仙境漫游》至少包含4首模仿经典诗歌的戏仿诗歌。戏仿诗歌展现了其内嵌或隐身于其他文本的特点。这一特点与戏仿反对说教的娱乐性结合，共同行使了戏仿潜在的挽救性功能，使人们永远铭记可能落入湮没无闻状态的诗人及作品。戏仿作品以喜闻乐见的方式，与严肃文学相互作用，不失为读者熟悉、研读严肃文学的一个捷径。     

Modifications of sequential designs in bioequivalence trials

Bioequivalence (BE) studies are designed to show that two formulations of one drug are equivalent and they play an important role in drug development. When in a design stage, it is possible that there is a high degree of uncertainty on variability of the formulations and the actual performance of the test versus reference formulation. Therefore, an interim look may be desirable to stop the study if there is no chance of claiming BE at the end (futility), or claim BE if evidence is sufficient (efficacy), or adjust the sample size. Sequential design approaches specially for BE studies have been proposed previously in publications. We applied modification to the existing methods focusing on simplified multiplicity adjustment and futility stopping. We name our method modified sequential design for BE studies (MSDBE). Simulation results demonstrate comparable performance between MSDBE and the original published methods while MSDBE offers more transparency and better applicability. The R package MSDBE is available at https://sites.google.com/site/modsdbe/ . Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.